Flora & Fauna – Haridra-Image Photography

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fraser’s Hill (Malay: Bukit Fraser) is a hill resort in Raub District, Pahang, Malaysia, on the Pahangese and Selangorean sections of the Titiwangsa Mountains. It is about 100 km (62 mi) north of Kuala Lumpur.^[⁶^] In 1890, Louis James Fraser established the area as a tin mining community known as Pamah Lebar when he discovered rich tin deposits and opened a tin mining facility. Mining activity there was short-lived, as the tin ore was depleted in 1913. This led many miners and farmers to abandon the area. Fraser reportedly disappeared in 1910, but research in 2019 concluded that he retired from his position and returned to Great Britain in 1910.

History

Fraser’s Hill is named after Louis James Fraser (1841^[⁷^]–1916^[⁸^]), a Scottish trader and accountant. After a failed gold mining venture in Australia, he migrated to the Federated Malay States in 1890 looking for a new venture in tin mining.^[⁹^] He set up a tin-ore trading post in Tras. As mining activity flourished at the foot of Fraser’s Hill, Fraser became a tin merchant and bought crude tin ore from Malay and Chinese miners in Tras and Sempam and used mules to transport the ores to Kuala Kubu. He later recruited guides and coolies and formed an expedition to search the upper ridges for valuable minerals such as gold. The expedition found an ancient forest of moss-draped trees and ferns that resembled prehistoric forests. A cloud layer kept the vegetation constantly moist. At the same time, Fraser found rich tin deposits on the hill and recruited Chinese miners to open a mine known as Pamah Lebar which would later become the current location of Fraser’s Hill golf course. A track was then constructed for mules to carry tin ore to The Gap and Kuala Kubu. Fraser then moved his tin ore trading base from Tras to Fraser’s Hill.^[¹⁰^] The first mining lease was officially issued to Abu Suradi in November 1899;^[⁹^] the last one was issued in 1906 to Robert Lewis and the Sempam Mining Company Limited. However, as the tin ore was depleted quickly by 1913,^[¹¹^] mining activity declined, and many Chinese miners and farmers moved away from the town.^[¹²^]

Geography

View of the Pahangese/Selangorean Titiwangsa from Fraser’s Hill.

Fraser’s Hill is a mountainous terrain where the altitude ranges between 320 m (1,050 ft) and 1,460 m (4,790 ft) above sea level. Around 44% of the terrain area is ranked as steep, while flat areas make up 8% of the overall land area. Fraser’s Hill’s virgin forest coverage is around 92% of the overall land area, with only 1.5% of the area used for a town. 6.5% of the forest area has been cleared for secondary vegetation. Ten river systems in Malaysia originate in Fraser’s Hill, including Selangor River, a major water source for Selangor, and Teranum River which forms a major river system in eastern Pahang. The geology of the area is predominantly granite, which forms sandy, porous soil and easily eroded.^[20]

Climate

Fraser’s Hill’s climate is classified as tropical. Rainfall is significant in this area throughout the year. The climate is Af according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system. The temperature here averages 20 °C (68 °F). The average yearly rainfall is 2,665 mm (104.9 in). Precipitation is the lowest in July, with an average of 118 mm (4.6 in). The most precipitation falls in November—an average of 341 mm (13.4 in). With an average temperature of 20.8 °C (69.4 °F), May is the hottest month of the year. January has the lowest average temperature of the year—18.9 °C (66.0 °F). Between the driest and wettest months, the difference in precipitation is 223 mm (8.8 in).^[21]

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Nepenthes Monkey Cup @ Floria Putrajaya 2010

Nepenthes Monkey Cup (Tropical Pitcher plant)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The name monkey cups refers to the fact that monkeys have been observed drinking rainwater from these plants.
The Nepenthes named after the mythical drug Nepenthe,
popularly known as tropical pitcher plants or monkey cups,are a genus of carnivorous plants in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae.
The genus comprises roughly 120 species, numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids.
They are mostly liana-forming plants of the Old World tropics, ranging from South China, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines
;westward to Madagascar (2 species) and the Seychelles (1); southward to Australia (3) and New Caledonia (1);
and northward to India (1) and Sri Lanka (1).
The greatest diversity occurs on Borneo and Sumatra with many endemic species.
Many are plants of hot humid lowland areas,
but the majority are tropical montane plants, receiving warm days but cool to cold humid nights year round.
A few are considered tropical alpine with cool days and nights near freezing.